This course investigates the relationships that people living in Italy created with the Italian peninsula's landscape. It introduces students to Italy's history through Roman, medieval, Renaissance, and modern Italians' interactions with their natural surroundings. The course examines several representative cases where human activity decisively transformed the Italian landscape, to form what is today still called the "Beautiful Country" (il Belpaese). Among the human modifications to Italian geography that Italian 312 covers are castles, new towns, riverbeds, and leaning bell towers.